The Problem Of Homeless Youth - 1920 Words

Homeless means by definition, an individual who lacks housing, and a resident that lives in transitional housing. A homeless person is a person who lives in a shelter, in their car or on the streets. Being homeless is to live without permanent housing (Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik, 2012, para. 2). To live in poverty means different things: living without being able to buy and have the things society expects you to have, living without food, clothing, electricity, and transportation. The Problem Homeless youth are at a greater risk of physical, sexual or emotion abuse, trust issues, substance abuse, mental illness, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted diseases (Van Leuween, 2006, para. 5). There are 1.6 million youth homeless in the United States each year, and the number is rising. Homeless teenagers are at a high risk for asthma, tuberculosis, influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis A, lice, scabies, etc. The average age of initial sexual intercourse among homeless teens is 12 to 13 years old. Many teenager use sex in exchange for basic necessities such as, food, clothing or shelter. Homeless teenagers are at a high risk for mental illness (Beharry, 2012, para.4). Homeless teens are exposed to and experience unhealthy situations at such a young age which causes them to develop mental health issues. Teenagers run away from home for many different reasons: family situations, acceptance, freedom, abuse, etc. The number of homeless teenagers is increasing because of theShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Homeless Youth834 Words   |  4 Pages Theoretical Framework Homeless Youth 11/1/2014 Ken Dix Homeless youth are a standout amongst the most underestimated gatherings in our general public. Numerous specialists recognize much more elevated amounts of different issue practices among these adolescent contrasted with their non-homeless associates. The current study analyzed the utility of social capital in foreseeing issue practices among homeless youth. Homelessness is portrayed as circumstances of people or family units withoutRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless Youth1372 Words   |  6 PagesLGBT homeless people have been suffering for a substantial amount of time, and it seems as if not many people are aware of this issue. When people think about homeless people they usually do not think about their sexual orientation. But, little do people know that there are many homeless youths that are either lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Yes, many reasons play into why a youth could be without a roof over his or her head and the sad part of this issue is that one of many reasons. ParentsRead MoreThe Social Problems Facing Homeless Youth2038 Words   |  9 PagesThe homeless youth demographic continues to endure difficult circumstances and encounter a variety of social problems, leading to their increased vulnerability in our communities. The social problems facing homeless youth vary from external and internal barriers. Some notable external barriers are being uninsured for proper health care, not having parental permission and therefore being denied access to services (Esparza, 2009). Along with, dealing with prejudice, lack of respect, and transportationRead MoreProblems Associated With Chinese Australian And Homeless Australian Youths Community And The Strategies Overcoming Those Risks2025 Words   |  9 Pagesand ethnic groups, this case study highlights the aspects determining the health and its risks in Chinese-Australian and Homeless-Australian youths’ community and the strategies overcoming those risks. It reviews the literature on the social determinants causing health risks in the specific cultural groups and suggests the best possible approaches dealing with the health problems associated with them. Chinese-Australian groups Chinese population forms a major part of non-EnglishRead MoreHomeless Youth Of The 20th Century Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesHomeless Youth in the 20th Century There is an inaccurate count of the number of homeless youth individuals are currently in America. They only account for those who are in the shelter’s system, which is a small portion of the total population of homeless youth. One report estimated that only one in twelve homeless youth ever come into contact with the shelter system (Somllar, 1999). The main focus is on â€Å"street youth† who are still on the streets with no home, and no adult guidance. The downfallRead MoreHomeless Teenagers: A Vulnerable Population951 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Homeless Teenagers: Vulnerable Population Introduction Homeless teenagers are a vulnerable population that faces many challenges just in terms of daily existence in addition to their overall development in the transitioning to adulthood. Current studies are reported to indicate that the primary cause of homeless among youth is family dysfunction in the form of parental neglect, physical or sexual abuse, family substance abuse, and family violence. (Runway Homeless Youth and Relationship ToolkitRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Youth1442 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a major problem in the United States. An incredibly vulnerable group is the homeless youth due to their young age and lack of education. According to Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik (2012) on any particular night in the United States there are ~2 million homeless youth living on the streets, in shelters, or in other temporary accommodation. Youth become homeless for multiple reasons whether it be because they have aged out of foster care, ran from home, were kic ked out of their homeRead MoreHomelessness Persuasive Speech1217 Words   |  5 Pagesto one area, but it is a worldwide problem. Homelessness can result by depending upon a countries economy, and their government because the officials often ignores the issue. Manila, Philippines has 22.8 million who reside in the slums, and 1.2 million of those people are children who live by peddling, or begging on the streets, (Castillo). The Philippines is not the only country that has many homeless children that beg to live or peddle. The number of homeless children in the world is unnaturalRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on the Overall Self-Esteem of Homeless Youth1476 Words   |  6 PagesYet, children, those under 18 years of age, are generally not associated with the homeless status as they are invisible, not seen by the general public with their homeless counterparts taking up residence in make-shift housing. Nonetheless, there is a large percent of youth who meet the guidelines fo r being deemed homeless. The website, findyouthinfo.gov, says the U.S Department of Education defines a homeless youth as one whom: Lacks a fixed, regular, and nighttime residence or an individual whoRead MoreEssay On Homeless Programs838 Words   |  4 Pagescannot maintain their operation without sufficient funding. However, increased funding for homeless programs can slightly reduce homelessness. In â€Å"Does Increased Funding for Homeless Programs Reduce Chronic Homelessness?†, Shawn Moulton estimates a â€Å"fixed-effects model† to examines the effect of new federal homeless funding on homelessness. The data from Moulton’s estimate implies that increased funding for homeless programs can decrease homelessness, and the data also indicates that the â€Å"first-year cost

Rupert Murdoch and a Dramatic Change in the Television...

Rupert Murdoch and a Dramatic Change in the Television Industry Critically assess this statement with particular reference to commercial television channels. Rupert Murdoch owns one of the largest media organisations in the world, called News International. This is an organisation which owns products in all mediums. Press baron, Murdoch started his ownership of print in Australia when he inherited his first newspaper from his father, the Adelaide News, he made what was a fairly unsuccessful newspaper into a thriving business. After taking over the Mirror in Sydney, in the 1970s Murdoch came to the UK and purchased two tabloids, The Sun and the News of the World. Following this was 20th†¦show more content†¦Murdochs News International owns 50% of BSKYB. BSKYB/ Sky news was the first of its kind and revolutionised the television industry, never before had you been able to access current news stories from your television set 24 hours a day. However the British population seemed uninterested in the early 1990s and it wasnt until the mid to late 1990s that BSKYB started to make a profit. But in 1998 approximately 6.2million homes had access to Sky News either through satellite or cable. Up until the launch of BSKYB the television industry had been mainly dominated by the BBC. Rupert Murdoch changed that and the television industry became and still is dominated by commercial television in particular satellite and cable. We then had access to a huge number of channels for both news and entertainment. This meant that people felt they had a greater choice in what they watched For example sport, people who particularly enjoyed baseball were now able to access a baseball match, and the viewer would feel as though they were taking part in a shared experience. This is something the viewer would not be able to do with terrestrial television. In 1996 SKY decided to introduce the first pay per view and charged their customers to watch the Bruno vs Tyson fight. People paid for this because they felt that what they were receiving was an exclusive sports showing. RupertShow MoreRelatedTHE FUTURE OF THE NEWSPAPER BUSINESS. INTRODUCTION The newspapers were first public during the 16th1500 Words   |  6 Pagesface of competition from radio and televisions. However, the news content and the channel through which it is communicated started with paper which is the regular daily print with deliveries, and later changed to combination of paper print and radio and later changed to paper, radio and television, and now moved to digital print and blogs via the internet. Moreover, newspapers have survived the advent of radio in the 1930s, cinema news in the 40s and television in the 50s. 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Selected Readings in Computer

Selected Readings in Computer-Mediated Communicati Essay on, Communication ThThis is a selected listing of items related to Computer-MediatedCommunication, the Internet, and network information infrastructure anduse. These items were on my qualifying exam reading list for the doctoral program in Communication and Rhetoric at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. I took these exams in September, 1993. The first sections describe what the articles and books are about. Following these sections is the full bibliography. Comments are welcome. This files URL http://www.december.com/john/papers/cmcbib93.txtContents1 Explaining Computer-Mediated Communication 1.1 Meta-theories 1.2 Conceptualizations of Computing 1.3 Theories, Models, Typologies and Propositions 1.4 Innovation Diffusion/Media Choice and Adoption/Critical Mass 1.4.1 Critical Mass Theory 1.5 Information/Media Richness 1.6 Social/Psychological Factors 1.7 Social Presence Model 1.8 Reduced Social Cues (RSC) Approach 1.9 Social Identity Theory and De-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model 1.10 Social Information/Influence/Context Model 1.11 Language Aspects/Rhetorical 1.12 Media Characteristics / Media Evolution2 Studies and Applications of Computer-Mediated Communication 2.1 Studies 2.1.1 Comparing CMC with FTF2.1.2 Socioemotional Content in CMC 2.2 Computer-Mediated Scholarship/Education 2.3 CMC Infrastructure2.3.1 Forums and Tools2.3.2 Networks3 Organizational Communication 3.1 Theory3.1.1 Structure/Functions of Organizations 3.1.2 Human Relations3.1.3 Comm unication as Process of Organization 3.1.4 Adaptive Structuration Theory3.1.5 Organizations as Cultures 3.1.6 Network Analysis 3.2 Studies of Organizations 3.3 Technology/Communication in Organizations 3.4 Organizational CMC 3.5 CSCW3.5.1 GDSS Bibliography1Explaining Computer-Mediated Communication1.1Meta-theories* Rice (1992) recursively summarizes material from CMC reviews. Mainpoint: Even a general awareness of the diversity of these contexts, muchless the numerous studies associated with the various contexts, shouldobviate the easy and ill-formed introduction found in many CMC studies,that there is little theoretical or empirical research in this area. * Rice (1989a) asserts that we need to integrate CMC research aroundfour themes: stakeholders, goals, domains, and tools. Main point: p. 436Integrate CMC research across disciplines/tech/research processes viastakeholders, goals, analytical domain, and tools. 1.2Conceptualizations of Computing* Mowshowitz (1981) describes five positions underlyingconceptualizations of computing: technicism, progressive individualism,elitism, pluralism, radical criticism. * Hirschheim (1985) describes underlying epistemological and ontologicalstances in office automation research. * Turkle (1982) talks about how we project our ideas onto computers. 1.3Theories, Models, Typologies and Propositions* Burge (1992) presents a detailed bibliography for current literature indistance education and CMC. * Rice (1992) recursively summarizes material from CMC reviews. Mainpoint: Even a general awareness of the diversity of these contexts, muchless the numerous studies associated with the various contexts, shouldobviate the easy and ill-formed introduction found in many CMC studies,that there is little theoretical or empirical research in this area. * Hacker and Monge (1988) describes theory ofcommunication/information models and designs of CMC systems. * Johnston (1989) comments on Rices article on issues and concepts inresearch on CMC. * McCreary (1990) describes three behavior models for CMC. * Rice and Boan (1985) describes journals about CMC. * Culnan and Markus (1987) describes media use factors. Main point:CMC is low in social presence (no noverbal); therefore, it is task-orientedand impersonal. * Bowers (1992) claims artifacts have politics by analyzing formalisms ofdesign or implementation. Main point: If we are to take computertechnology seriously, we will have to abandon innocent humanism infavor of a cyber politics.* Cathcart and Gumpert (1983) talk about mediated interpersonalcommunication. * Feenberg (1986) presents an operating manual for computerconferencing. * Ghani (1988) describes flow theory in CMC. * Kuehn (1990) asserts that play theory explains CMC as communicationplay when communicators can alter interaction and achieve goals. 1.4Innovation Diffusion/Media Choice and Adoption/Critical Mass* Rogers (1983) describes the diffusion of innovations. * Rogers (1986) describes impacts of innovations. * Grantham and Vaske (1985) summarizes factors affectingdiffusion/adoption of the technology. * Leonard-Barton (1988) describes role of implementation process ininnovation diffusion. * Markus (1987) describes diffusion and adoption of interactive mediasystems in terms of critical mass. * Markus (1990) describes critical mass theory for interactive media,which directs attention away from the individual to the community levelof analysis. * Miles (1992) reviews issues of applying CMC to publishing andinterpersonal communication on national scales (Britain, France). * Thompson (1975) describes idea of electronic hallway as facilitatinggroup formation and operation. * Turoff (1989)* Korzenny (1978) presents a theory for electronic closeness inorganizations. * Alexander, Penley, and Jernigan (1991) explores the effects ofdifferences in how managers choose media. * Ebadi and Utterback (1984) describes how communication affectstechnology use. 1.4.1 Critical Mass TheoryA threshold model that explains how use develops in a community. * Markus (1987) describes diffusion and adoption of interactive mediasystems in terms of critical mass. * Markus (1990) describes critical mass theory for interactive media,which directs attention away from the individual to the community levelof analysis. * Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) explains critical mass theory. * Valente (1991) describes thresholds for critical mass in innovationdiffusion. 1.5Information/Media RichnessReduce ambiguity through media selection. * Daft and Macintosh (1981)describes information richness theory in organizations. * Daft and Lengel (1984) applies media richness theory to organizations. Main point: p. 194 organizational success is based on the organizationsability to process information of appropriate richness to reduceuncertainty and clarify ambiguity.* Daft and Lengel (1986) describes theory of media richness used inorganizations. * Daft, Lengel, and Trevino (1987) uses media richness model applied tomessage equivocality and media selection. * Trevino, Daft, and Lengel (1990) describes the use of symbolicinteractionism to understand managers media choices in terms of messageequivocality, contextual determinants, and media symbolism. * Trevino, Lengel, Bodensteiner, Gerloff, and Muir (1990) p. 176 Thisarticle proposes a new thesis about the role of individual differences inmanagers media choice behavior. Main point: Media preferences operatewhen equivocality is low; in high equivocality situations, there is animperative to use rich media. * Trevino, Lengel, and Daft (1987) describes media richness theory inorganizations. * Rice and Shook (1990a) explores job categories and organizational levelsand communication channels, including email. * Lengel and Daft (1988) gives guidelines for managers selecting media. * Duncan (1972) explains characteristics of an organization versusperceived environmental uncertainty1.6Social/Psychological Factors* Kiesler, Siegel, and McGuire (1984) describes social and psychologicalaffects of CMC. * Boshier (1990) discusses social/psychological factors in electronicnetworking, focusing on email role in adult education, identifying researchand theory. Main point: Electronic networks can help adult educationand lifelong learning because they help increase interaction, provide forequal opportunity, and create a noncoercive, nonhierarchical, reciprocalenvironment. * Cathcart and Gumpert (1985) communicating through computer createsinterpersonal communication dyad (user computer). * Kling and Gerson (1977) explores social context features of CMCaffecting communities of users. * McGuire (1983) describes contextualism as a counterpoint toempiricism. * Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) describes social presence theory foranalyzing mediated communication. Main point: p. 65 We hypothesizethat communications media vary in their degree of Social Presence, andthat these variations are important in determining the way individualsinteract.1.7Social Presence Model* Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) describes social presence theory foranalyzing mediated communication. Main point: p. 65 We hypothesizethat communications media vary in their degree of Social Presence, andthat these variations are important in determining the way individualsinteract.* Bales (1950)* Short (1974) compared FTF, sound only, and CCTV communication totest social presence hypothesis about persuasion. * Johansen (1977) uses social presence model to examine social aspects ofteleconferencing. 1.8Reduced Social Cues (RSC) ApproachBasic Thesis: CMC features (reduced social/context cues) lead topsychological states (reduced impact of social norms and constraints)which undermine social, normative influences leading to deregulatedbehavior. * Kiesler (1986) describes how the social effects of computersmay be greater and more important than you imagine. Main point: p. 46 Computers have social effects, cut down hierarchies, cut across normsand organization boundaries. * McGuire, Kiesler, and Siegel (1987) explores influence of groupcommunication and group decision processes on group decisions. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Sproull and Kiesler (1986) analyzes e-mail use and characteristics in anorganization. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Rutter (1987) describes cueless model for communicating bytelephone. * Morley and Stephenson (1977) discuss bargaining, test out cuelessmodel. * DeSanctis and Gallupe (1987) apply cuelessness to study of GDSS. 1.9Social Identity Theory and De-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model* Spears and Lea (1992) explores the social/psychological dimensions ofCMC: email and CC vs. FTF via Social Identity Theory andDe-individuation Processes (SIDE) Model. * Spears, Lea, and Lee (1990)* Diener (1980) discusses de-individuation in groups. * Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcomb (1952) describes de-individuation ina group. * Lea and Spears (1991a)* Lea and Spears (1991b)1.10Social Information/Influence/Context ModelMedia perceptions and use are socially constructed. * Fulk, Schmitz, andSteinfield (1990) proposes a model for technology use which is based onsocial context effects: social influence model of media use. Main point: p. 121 Basic assumption of social influence model of media use: mediaperceptions are subjective/social constructed. * Fulk, Schmitz, and Schwartz (1992) develop CMC context themes andpropose a perspective on social context and context-behavior relations. * Fulk, Steinfield, Schmitz, and Power (1987) explores social informationprocessing as a model for media use. * Bem (1972) describes attribution theory. * Chesebro (1985) describes CMC used in interpersonal contexts bystudying a BBS. * Feenberg and Bellman (1990) social factors model posits that distinctiveorganizational features guide the design of CC systems. * Feenberg (1989) asserts that types and use of CMC systems must bebased on the sociology of the group. * Feenberg (1992) traces the success of the French Teletel (Minitel)videotex system in France. * Gattiker (1992c) suggest directions for future research intechnology-mediated communication. * Georgoudi and Rosnow (1985) describes contextualism from theperspective of the nature of context (as opposed from mechanisticassumptions). Main point: Contextualism is marked by recognizingcommunication as a process embedded in a constantly changing, cultural,cognitive, and social context. * Hellerstein (1986) presents study of social uses of CMC atUMass-Amherst; CMC mediates and facilitates social life. * Schmitz and Fulk (1991) describes media richness, social influencetheory applied to organizations. * Matheson (1991) examines the extent to which social perceptions inCMC are influenced by social information availability and based oninternalized social expectations. * Salancik and Pfeffer (1978) describes social information processingtheory. * Smilowitz, Compton, and Flint (1988) CMC changes the way peopleinteract, accomplish comm. tasks. * Lea (1992) introduces book on contextual influences on CMC. * Martin, OShea, Fung, and Spears (1992) surveys flaming phenomenonin CMC. * Bandura (1986) describes social learning theory. * Montes (1992) questions social presence theory, suggests interaction tobe creator of context. * Perry (1988) discusses use of contextualist approach to media effects. * Thomas and Griffin (19XX) reviews literature on social informationprocessing model. * Tushman and Nadler (1978) puts forth an information processing modelfor organizations. 1.11Language Aspects/Rhetorical* Baron (1984) describes CMC as a force in language culture. * Ferrara, Brunner, and Whittemore (1991) describes interactive writtendiscourse (IWD, the written language occurring in simultaneousterminal-to-terminal typed dialogues.)* Finnegan (1988) describes how literacy and orality are affected bycommunication technology. * Lakoff (1982) Oral is becoming more valued than literacy, writingimitates oral. * Murray (1991) describes the composing process for computerconversation. * Ochs (1989) explores language use and culture. * Ong (1977) Technology changed culture and thought. * Ong (1982) Thought and expressed changed in the shift from orality toliteracy. * Shank (1993) argues network communication is not oral or written butsemiotic. * December (1993a) compares net discourse in USENET newsgroup withcharacteristics of orality as defined by Walter J. Ong. Main point: Thediscourse on the Internet brings back pre-literate characteristics; it is atertiary form of orality (the first two being, pre-literature culture andwidespread radio and tv broadcasting). * Shaver (1990) describes measures of reliability and validity of attitudemeasures of writing with a computer. * Spitzer (1986) describes writing style in computer conferences. * Tannen (1982) Oral/literate continuum = focus: involvement contextv. content. * Thompson (1988) describes how interactive networking can be used forspeech, writing, and composition. * Black, Levin, Mehan, and Quinn (1983) describes real and non-real timediscourse. * December (1994) discusses and analyzes the strategies communicatorscan use to exchange information on global computer networks. Mainpoint: The communicators task in creating and structuring informationhas always included considerations of purpose and audience. Incommunicating over networks, however, the communicators task includesconsiderations of the nature of the medium_distribution, access,information-sharing practices, and social context. 1.12Media Characteristics / Media Evolution* Fowler and Wackerbarth (1980) studies audio teleconferencing incomparison with FTF conferencing. * Innis (1972) explores roles of media as used by different civilizations. Main point: Media use and forms (bias and emphasis) contribute tocivilization and political structures of societies. * Harnad (1991) asserts that the fourth cognitive revolution is electroniccommunication. * Havelock (1986) traces how writing transformed Greek culture fromorality to literacy. * Levinson (1986) describes McLuhans ideas with regard to computerconferencing. * Levinson (1990) sees CMC as an ongoing evolution of media: speech,writing, printing, telecommunications. * McLuhan and Powers (1989) describes the idea of the global villagetransforming life and media. * McLuhan (1964) explores the extensions of people through media. Mainpoint: Medias characteristics create and operate in a social and historicalcontext; electric technologies create an emphasis on effect and totalinvolvement. * McLuhan (1965) Technology revises the linearism of print. Main point:The Gutenberg Galaxy is intended to trace the ways in which the formsof experience and of mental outlook and expression have been modified,first by the phonetic alphabet and then by printing.* McLuhan and Fiore (1967) asserts that media extends consciousness. Main point: p. 26 All media work us over completely. They are sopervasive in their personal, political, economic, aesthetic, psychological,moral, ethical, and social consequences that they leave no part of usuntouched, unaffected, unaltered. The medium is the massage. Anyunderstanding of social and cultural change is impossible without aknowledge of the way media work as environments.* Rice and Associates (1984) summarizes research dealing with computersand communication. * Schement and Lievrouw (1987) describes assumptions of informationsociety research. * Smith (1980) traces development and transformation of newspapermarkets and audiences. * Stewart (1992) describes a study of voice mail (VM) revealing innovationreasons. Main point: Need to have user involvement in development,prototype, selection, planning, and implementation of an innovation. * Thomas and Miles (1989) describes the development of telematics in theUnited Kingdom. * Vallee (1982) presents perspectives on the network revolution. * Williams and Rice (1983) talk about personal relationships in CMC. 2Studies and Applications of Computer-Mediated Communication2.1Studies* Komsky (1991) p. 310 examines factors that differentiate amongfrequent and occasional users of electronic mail, for the purpose ofdeveloping a profile of users to help organizations develop strategies forincreasing system usage.* Hiltz and Turoff (1978) surveys effects of CMC on people. * Hiltz and Turoff (1993) surveys effects of CMC on people, revisededition of 1978 edition. * Chesebro and Bonsall (1989) describes computerized communication aswidespread, altering human communication patterns and culture. * Dennis, Nunamaker, and Vogel (1990) compares laboratory and fieldresearch in the study of electronic meetings. * Steinfield (1986a)* Adkins (1991) shows that recipients of email messages did not perceivethe sender as self-absorbed (egocentric-like). * Adrianson and Hjelmquist (1988) reports questionnaire study of COMsystem showing how COM system showed spontaneity, aggression; judgedefficient as a tool for sending and receiving simple messages. * Adrianson and Hjelmquist (1991) reports study which shows FTFcommunication induced more conformity and opinion change than CMC. * Anderson and Jay (1985) uses network analysis to examine the adoptionof a computerized information system by physicians. * Beals (1990) studied transcripts of computer conferences on BeginningTeacher Computer Network (BTCN). * Bresler (1990) found significant differences between males and femalesin a high school electronic communication. * Finholt, Sproull, and Kiesler (1990) examines use of electronic mail instudent work groups, where groups had similar tasks but used email todifferent degrees. The paper speculates on the larger organizationalimplications. * Gerola and Gomory (1984) studied engineers use of networks, found noimprovement in work. * Grint (1989) explores issues in CMC participation: fear of publicridicule, status, gender, technical expertise. * Guallupe and McKeen (1990) investigates use of decision supportsystems for face-to-face versus remote meetings. * Hartman, Neuwirth, and Kiesler (1991) describes patterns of socialinteraction and network technology effects on learning to write. * Hiemstra (1982) describes teleconferencing and organizational culture. * Hiltz and Johnson (1989) measures acceptance of CMC systems interms of use, subjective satisfaction, and benefits. Main point: Thefindings suggest that future studies of CMCSs in particular, and perhapscomputer-based information systems in general, should not assume thatusage alone or subjective satisfaction alone are adequate measures ofsuccessful implementation.* Hiltz and Johnson (1990) Measures user satisfaction with CMCs. Jack Dempsey Essay* Markus (1983) describes interactionist theory for humans confrontingtechnology. * Nass and Mason (1990) considers broad base of technologies in theorganization/technology interface. * Orlikowski (1992) explores concepts of technology in organizations. * Rogers (1988) describes how logical expectations for media use are notmet. * Zmud, Lind, and Young (1990)* Clement (1988) surveys office automation and control of informationworkers. Main point: p. 218 Information workers are subject to greatermanagerial control through information systems. * Allen and Hauptman (1987) describes the influence of communicationtechnologies on organizational structure for providing state-of-the-artinformation and coordination across technical specialties. * Allen and Hauptman (1990) demonstrate how organizational infoprocessing can be modified to account for new communication options inRD settings. * Feldman and March (1981) describes how management reflects need toappear competent and legitimate. * Keen (1988)* Leifer (1988) describes how to match communication informationsystems with organizational structures. * Papa and Tracy (1988) discusses CMC communication network features. 3.4Organizational CMC* Steinfield (1992) describes directions for theory and research in CMC inorganizations. * Danowski and Edison-Swift (1985) describes effects ofintraorganizational computer communication. * Hiltz, Johson, and Turoff (1986) surveys experiments in group decisionmaking; compares group problem-solving for FTF and CMC forqualitative and scientific rankings test. * Huber (1990a) we need to re-examine theory for small group interactionin computer-supported context. * Huber (1990b) analyzes capabilities of new decision technologies andhow these are relevant to existing organizational theories. * Johansen and DeGrasse (1979) describes effects of computer-basedteleconferencing on working patterns. * Johansen, DeGrasse, and Wilson (1978) describes effects of groupcommunication via computers on working patterns. * Nunamaker, Dennis, Valacich, Vogel, and George (1991) describeselectronic meetings in support of group work. * Nunamaker, Applegate, and Konsynski (1987) presents experiences withgroup support systems for facilitating creativity. * Rice (1980) reviews CMC research conducted in the 1970s. * Rice (1987) asserts that CMC provides organizations ways to enhanceresourcefulness and responsiveness. * Rice (1989b) explores use of CMC in organizations, finds more exchange. * Rice and Shook (1990a) explores job categories and organizational levelsand communication channels, including email. * Rice and Steinfield (1990) describes new forms of organizationalcommunication by email and voice messaging. * Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler, and McGuire (1986)* Valacich, Dennis, and J. F. Nunamaker (1991)* Zachary (1986)* Zmud (1979) describes individual differences approach to explaininghuman behavior when confronted with technology. * Crowston, Malone, and Lin (1988) presents a case study oforganizational design for computer conferencing. * Finholt and Sproull (1990) re-examine theory of small groups whenusing computer support. * Murphy (1992) describes a case history illustrating howinformation-processing system fits organizational requirements. 3.5CSCW* Applegate (1991) sets theory foundation for group work in organizations. * Galegher and Kraut (1990) sets forth the research and design issues ofcooperative work. * Greenberg (1991a) defines groupware and CSCW and introduces volumeon CSCW and groupware. * Acker (1992) describes a GDSS which facilitates collaborative fiction. * Garcia-Luna-Aceves, Craighill, and Lang (1988) explores MOSAIC, amodel for CSCW providing a share view. * Greenberg (1991b) presents annotated bibliography and description ofinformation sources for CSCW and groupware. * Grief (1988) presents readings in CSCW* Gutek (1990) describes how group must fit technology to task structure. * Hiltz, Turoff, and K. (1989) presents experiments in group decisionmaking* Hiltz (1984) describes the complex technological and social variables inCMC acceptance. * Johansen (1988) describes groupware for business teams. * Johnson-Lenz and Johnson-Lenz (1982) defines the term groupware. * Kraemer and L (1988) describe group decision support systems,evaluate experience, benefits, barriers. * Opper and Fersko-Weiss (1992) describes how technology can enhanceproductivity for teams in organizations. * Rice and Shook (1990b) describes how group must fit technology to taskstructure. * Rothschild and Whitt (1986) describes cooperative work. * Sproull and Kiesler (1991b) describes how networked communicationand information will transform organizational behavior. * Sproull and Kiesler (1991a) asserts that CMC leads to more discussion,equality, emotions, creativity. * Stefik, Foster, Bobrow, Kahn, Lannry, and Suchman (1988) describescomputer support for collaboration and problem-solving in meetings. * Stodolsky (1993) describes the USENET comp.groupware newsgroup. * Turoff (1991)* Ellis, Gibbs, and Rein (1991)* Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1989) describes empirical research into theimpact of technological support for groups. 3.5.1 GDSS* Kraemer and Pinsonneault (1990) describes how group must fittechnology to task structure. 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International Energy Policy Promoting the Use of Renewable Energy

Question: Using the PESTER analytical tool, critically analyse the impact of the Renewable energy policies of any developed economy on any OPEC member states energy policy. Answer: Introduction Renewable energy resources are mainly collected from the resources that are replenished naturally on a human timescale. Renewable energy resources exist over a broad geographical area as compared to the other energy sources. The rapid deployment of the renewable energy results in the considerable energy security as well as mitigation in the climatic change. The increase in the renewable energy legislation is taking place due to the change in the climate and global warming. Energy supply from renewable is an indispensable component of the strategy of every nation. The renewable technologies are suited to rural and remote areas (Ellabban et al. 2014). The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an enduring intergovernmental organization. The main objective of OPEC is to organize and unify the petroleum policies among the member states. The focus has been given on the impact of developed country that has evaluated on the oil producing UAE states for the power generation and the effective use of renewable energy policies (Moran 2015). Discussion UAE has become a key player in clean technologies, thus funding large-scale renewable energy projects. The hydrocarbon market in UAE is undergoing the most noticeable change with subsidiary effects for renewable energy. The UAE is one of the largest hydrocarbon reserve holders in the world. The UAE is also the third largest exporter of oil in the world (Jamil et al. 2016). In UAE, the high per capita consumption of oil and gas is mostly due to the low cost of production and the domestic pricing. The UAE also shares a common interest with the UK in the environmental matters. The UK and UAE are also to work together to enhance the future generation. Abu Dhabi is leading the renewable drive with a target to obtain 7 percent of its energy from renewable by the year 2020. Abu Dhabi is also the home to the Global Renewable Energy Agency. UAE has also organized a number of innovative renewable energy projects all through the country. With the help of Masdar, UAE has also become the major investor in the renewable energy projects in the UK (Gov.uk 2015). The UK has been blessed with a wealth of renewable energy resources. The scope of the energy policy includes the distribution and the production of electricity and natural gas. According to the reports, there have been a number of changes to renewable energy policies during the year 2015 and 2016. The UK has a target to source 15 percent of final energy consumption from renewable energy by the year 2020. Under the EU Renewable Energy Directive, the UK exceeded the provisional target of the year 2013/2014 with a 6.3 percent share of renewable. On the other hand, UK will meet the 2020 target as per the European Commission 2015 Renewable Energy Directive report (Batel and Devine Wright 2016). In the UK, almost 25 percent of electricity was generated from renewable. This resulted in the rise of almost 30 percent from 19 percent in the year 2014. The recent significant change in the renewable energy policy instruments in the UK will have an impact on the level of deployment. Renewable Obligation (RO) is the part of the UK renewable energy policy that was announced by the government in the year 2015. However, later it was announced that RO would be closed by the year 2016 for new PV projects of a capacity of five MW. The RO was mainly closed for the onshore installation of wind from the year 2016. However, it was onshore installation of wind was planned in the year 2017 but was commenced by 2016 (Bunn and Yusupov 2015). Contract-for-Difference (CFD) replaced the RO. The first allocation of CFD was initiated in the year 2014 and the results were announced in the year 2015. Although, the second round for the allocation was scheduled for the year 2015 it was cancelled. Later, in the month of November 3 CFD rounds were announced to take place in the year 2020 (Onifade 2016). The small-scale renewable electricity installations were supported by Feed-in tariffs (FITs). According to the reports, in the recent year there has a rapid consumption of solar PV due to attractive support tax. The government became worried about the increasing cost of the scheme. As a result, the government implemented tariff cuts of 65 percent. The first Feed-in tariff is Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) for renewable heat that was introduced globally in the year 2011. Later, the government declared that the RHI scheme would be extended to the 2021. As a result, the budget needs to be increased to 1.15 billion in the year 2021 (Cherrington et al. 2013). The recent change in the policy was mainly aimed to diminish the expenditure that was generated by the renewable energy support program. The policy changes also aimed at creating a policy framework that allows for a better cost and capacity control. This will in turn help to reduce the electricity bills of the customers (Smeed 2016). The PESTEL Analysis is a framework that is used to monitor the macro-environmental factors that has an impact on the organization. The essay will provide an overview about the impact of the Renewable energy policies of the UK on UAEs energy policy. Political factors are the long-term decline in the oil and gas fortune in the UK has led to the increase in the import of oil and gas. As a result, the UK needs to compete in the world market for its oil and gas requirements. On the other hand, renewable energy has become inexpensively attractive in the oil-rich United States of Arab. The UK thus needs to maintain a good relationship with UAE to fulfill its energy resources requirements. The supply of the energy resources in the UK can become a political issue in the future. The UAE also has the most ambitious renewable energy program. Hence, the UK can establish the Contract-for-Difference with UAE in order to get low cost benefits of energy resources (Yusuf et al. 2014). The drastic rise in the rate of unemployment in the UK is one of the most important economic factors that led to the decline in the consumption of energy. The energy prices also increased rapidly and as a result, the rate of inflation increased. In UAE, the waste-to-energy conversion has become profitable with natural gas prices above USD 8 per million British thermal units. Hence, the development has provided economic reasons for UAE to accelerate the development of renewable energy. The renewable energy is economically attractive in the UAE. In UAE, the increase in price of the natural gas and the decrease in the cost of renewable energy are the key drivers (Bosmans et al. 2013). The social factor that is militating the development of the renewable energy project is the problem in getting the planning permission. The renewable energy is considered as the solution to the climatic changes in the world. The UK and UAE needs to form an association of the Contract-for-Difference, with the help of which the UK will be able to affect UAE with the renewable resources. The UAE provides a strong support of its commitment in order to deliver the renewable energy and carbon reduction targets. The technological factors deal with the growing demand of the renewable energy that generates a need for the individuals with appropriate skills. The key stakeholders in the oil and the gas industry are the key player that leads to the development of the renewable energy sector. The company in the UK employs the latest technology and the skilled workers that leads to the technological development in the renewable energy resource (Kern et al. 2014). The environmental factor is that the success of the renewable energy is always questioned by its scope. However, UAE seems to be progressive on clean energy. The UAE leaders had announced a partnership with the UK to tackle the energy scarcity in the developing world. The Green code regulations developed by DEWA and Dubai Municipality aims at reducing the electrical energy. A project known as the Wind for Prosperity project will offer a carbon-free electricity. The carbon-free electricity will be mostly provided to the country that mostly uses the expensive diesel generators for power (Rakhshan et al. 2013). The legal factors that affect are the administrative obstacles in the form of protection zone. It is relatively low feed-in-tariffs. In the UK, the energy laws mainly govern the use as well as the taxation of energy. According to the UK renewable energy strategy, the electricity produced in 2015-2016 has been 25 percent, which has been more than its quota. The energy laws mainly includes the legal stipulation for oil, gas etc. The UAE also has some laws that are concerned with the energy mainly oil and gas law. As per the law, all the oil and gas wealth belongs to the government (Devine-Wright 2014). The government is also undertaking the renewable energy projects in UAE in order to free up oil and gas for export. This is also been done to meet the increasing demand of power and water. As per the reports, the UAE is one of the biggest renewable markets in the world. The UAE is also known to have a strong exposure to the unfavorable impact of the anthropogenic climate change. Hence, there is a strong demand for water in UAE. As a result, there will be a demand for electricity that will be mostly generated by the UK. A survey was conducted by electric utility week and it was found that today most of the customers are facing problem due to the high cost of energy (Al-Amir and Abu-Hijleh 2013). Both the UK and UAE had signed a fund mutually of 1 million for the purpose of research into renewable energy policy. The International Renewable Energy Association has established itself as an international base for energy knowledge in the year 2010. International Renewable Energy Association will act as a clearinghouse on the obtainable renewable energy technologies. The renewable policy that could be best suited for the renewable energy policy will be a mix policy system of FITs and Contract-for-Difference (CfD) creating Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) for the UAE (Tolba 2013). The UAE is also facing the first-ever shortage of low cost gas and consequently, UAE has been able to produce related gas for less than 2/MBtu3. Electricity demand in the UAE displays a robustly seasonal consequence due to the transform in ambient temperature and humidity. The power markets in the UAE are mostly described by the cogeneration for desalination. Conclusion It can be concluded that UAE is the third largest exporter of oil in the world and as a result. The renewable energy policies on present situation will help the UK to achieve its 2030 target and it will also create environment for UAE in power generation for all the member states. In UAE, the rise in price of the natural gas and the decrease in the cost of renewable energy are the major drivers. It has been found that the renewable energy has become inexpensively attractive in the oil-rich United States of Arab. References Al-Amir, J. and Abu-Hijleh, B., 2013. Strategies and policies from promoting the use of renewable energy resource in the UAE.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,26, pp.660-667. Batel, S. and Devine Wright, P., 2016. 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